cPanel, Plesk, SolusVM, and Linux - in one place

Where to find your cPanel URL and credentials, and what to check before you do anything else.

1. Check your welcome email for your cPanel URL, usually https://yourdomain:2083 or a link from your host.
2. Enter the username and temporary password provided - both are case-sensitive.
3. When prompted, set a new password that's at least 12 characters with a mix of cases, numbers, and symbols.
4. From the cPanel home screen, note your server's IP address and disk/bandwidth limits under "General Information."
5. Bookmark the login URL - there's no separate password-reset flow until you've logged in once and added a recovery email.

Change your own cPanel login password from inside your account.

1. Log in to cPanel and open "Password & Security" under Preferences.
2. Enter your current password, then your new password twice.
3. Use the strength meter as a guide - aim for "Very Strong" before saving.
4. Click "Change your password now and log out."
5. Log back in with the new password, then update it in any FTP or email clients that had it saved.

Set up a new mailbox on your domain.

1. Open Email Accounts under the Email section and click "Create."
2. Choose the domain from the dropdown and type the mailbox name (for example, "hello").
3. Set a mailbox quota, or leave it unlimited if your plan allows.
4. Generate a strong password or set your own, then click "Create."
5. Note the incoming/outgoing mail server settings shown after creation - you'll need them to connect a phone or desktop client.

Connect an existing cPanel mailbox to iOS or Android using the settings cPanel provides.

1. In Email Accounts, find your address and click "Connect Devices."
2. Copy the manual settings shown, or use the mobile setup link if your device supports it.
3. On iOS: Settings › Mail › Accounts › Add Account › Other, then enter the IMAP details shown.
4. On Android: use the same IMAP host with port 993 (SSL) and SMTP port 465 (SSL).
5. Send yourself a test email to confirm both sending and receiving work.

Set up a database and a dedicated user for an application.

1. Open "MySQL Databases" and enter a name under "Create New Database."
2. Scroll to "MySQL Users" and create a new user with a generated password.
3. Under "Add User to Database," select both the user and the database, then click Add.
4. On the privileges screen, check "ALL PRIVILEGES" for a typical application, then click "Make Changes."
5. Record the full database name and username - cPanel prefixes both with your account name, like user_dbname.

Move a database in or out of your hosting account as a .sql file.

1. Open phpMyAdmin from the Databases section and select your database from the left sidebar.
2. To export: click "Export," choose "Quick" and format "SQL," then click Go to download a .sql file.
3. To import: click "Import," choose the .sql file, and confirm the format is SQL.
4. Click "Go" and wait for the success message before navigating away.
5. If an import fails on file size, check your PHP upload limit under "Select PHP Version" first.

Get files onto your site without needing an FTP client.

1. Open File Manager and navigate to public_html (or the subfolder for your domain or subdomain).
2. Click "Upload" in the toolbar, then drag files into the browser window or select them manually.
3. Wait for each file's progress bar to reach 100% before closing the upload tab.
4. Select any uploaded .zip archive and click "Extract" to unpack it in place.
5. Right-click a file to change permissions if a script needs write access - commonly 644 for files, 755 for folders.

Give a person or a deploy tool scoped file access without sharing your main login.

1. Open "FTP Accounts" and fill in a username, password, and the directory to restrict access to.
2. Set a quota, or leave it unlimited for a general-purpose account.
3. Click "Create FTP Account" and note the exact server address shown, usually your domain or server hostname.
4. In your FTP client, connect using port 21 (or 990 for FTPS) with the credentials shown.
5. Test by uploading a small file and confirming it appears in File Manager.

Host a second, fully separate domain on the same cPanel account.

1. Confirm the new domain's nameservers already point at your hosting account before starting.
2. Open "Addon Domains" and type the new domain name.
3. Let cPanel auto-fill the subdomain and document root, or set a custom folder.
4. Click "Add Domain" and wait for DNS to propagate, often within a few hours.
5. Upload the new site's files to the document root you chose.

Run a separate section of your site, like blog.yourdomain.com, from its own folder.

1. Open "Subdomains" and enter the prefix, like "blog," next to your existing domain.
2. Confirm or edit the auto-generated document root folder.
3. Click "Create" and wait a few minutes for DNS to catch up internally.
4. Upload the subdomain's files to its dedicated folder inside public_html.
5. Visit the subdomain in a browser to confirm it resolves before installing anything on it.

Send visitors from one URL to another automatically.

1. Open "Redirects" and choose the domain or subdomain to redirect from.
2. Enter the destination URL, including https://.
3. Choose "Permanent (301)" for a lasting move, or "Temporary (302)" for something short-term.
4. Decide whether to redirect the www and non-www versions together, then click "Add."
5. Test in a private browser window, since redirects can be cached by your regular browser.

Turn on HTTPS for a domain without buying a certificate.

1. Open "SSL/TLS Status" and select the domains you want covered.
2. Click "Run AutoSSL" and wait a few minutes for validation and issuance.
3. Refresh the page - a padlock icon next to each domain means the certificate installed.
4. Visit your site over https:// to confirm the browser shows it as secure.
5. AutoSSL renews automatically roughly every 90 days - no action needed unless it flags an error.

Switch the PHP version a domain runs on, without touching server-wide settings.

1. Open "Select PHP Version," sometimes labeled "MultiPHP Manager."
2. Pick the domain you want to change from the list.
3. Choose the new PHP version from the dropdown.
4. Click "Apply" and reload your site to confirm nothing broke.
5. If the site errors out, switch back and check your app's documented PHP requirements.

Run a script automatically on a recurring schedule.

1. Open "Cron Jobs" and pick a common setting, like "Once Per Day," or set custom minute/hour/day fields.
2. Paste the full command to run, including the full path to any script.
3. Click "Add New Cron Job."
4. Check your email - cron sends output there by default - after the first scheduled run.
5. Redirect output to a log file instead if you'd rather not get emails, using the append operator at the end of the command.

Download a complete copy of your files, databases, and email.

1. Open "Backup," sometimes labeled "Backup Wizard," from the Files section.
2. Click "Download a Full Account Backup."
3. Choose a destination - "Home Directory" is simplest if you'll download it manually after.
4. Click "Generate Backup" and wait for the email notifying you it's ready.
5. Download the resulting archive and store a copy off-server.

Roll your account back using a previously downloaded backup archive.

1. Open "Backup" and scroll to the restore section for Home Directory, MySQL, or a full account.
2. Choose the backup archive from your computer or server home directory.
3. Click "Upload" and confirm you understand this will overwrite current data.
4. Wait for the confirmation email once the restore finishes.
5. Spot-check your site and database afterward before deleting any older backups.

Get a WordPress site running in a few minutes using the built-in installer.

1. Open Softaculous and search for "WordPress" in the apps list.
2. Click "Install," then choose the protocol (https://) and domain.
3. Leave "In Directory" blank to install at the domain root, or add a folder name.
4. Fill in the site name, admin username, and a strong admin password.
5. Click "Install" and wait for the success screen with your new site and admin login links.

Find out what's actually using your account's space and transfer allowance.

1. Open "Bandwidth" to see monthly transfer totals by month and by domain.
2. Open "Disk Usage" to see which folders and mailboxes take up the most space.
3. Sort by the "File Usage" or "Mail Usage" tabs to isolate where big folders live.
4. Clear old backups or unused email from the biggest offenders first.
5. Set up usage alerts, if your host offers them, so you're notified before hitting a hard limit.

Find your Plesk URL and get past the first-boot certificate warning.

1. Go to https://your-server-ip:8443 or the Plesk link from your welcome email.
2. Accept the browser's certificate warning if this is the server's first boot - it uses a self-signed certificate initially.
3. Enter the admin username and password from your welcome email.
4. From the home screen, note your subscription's plan limits under "Subscriptions."
5. Set a recovery email under your account settings so you can reset your password later.

Provision a new domain under your Plesk subscription.

1. Open "Websites & Domains" and click "Add Domain."
2. Type the domain name and choose whether it's a new website or a subdomain of an existing one.
3. Confirm the hosting type is "Website hosting with a control panel," not just DNS or forwarding.
4. Click "OK" and wait for Plesk to provision the document root and default files.
5. Upload your site's files to the new domain's httpdocs folder.

Set up a new mailbox on a domain hosted in Plesk.

1. Open "Mail" and click "Create Email Address."
2. Choose the domain, then type the mailbox name.
3. Set a mailbox size limit or leave it at the subscription default.
4. Enter and confirm a password, then click "OK."
5. Note the mail server hostname shown - it's usually mail.yourdomain.com.

Get to a Plesk mailbox's inbox from a browser, on any device.

1. From the Mail list, click the mailbox you want, then "Webmail."
2. Log in with the mailbox's full email address and its password, not your Plesk password.
3. Choose a webmail theme or client if prompted, commonly Roundcube.
4. Bookmark the direct webmail URL shown in your browser for faster access later.
5. Set your display name and signature under the webmail client's own settings.

Set up a database and user for an application hosted in Plesk.

1. Open "Databases" and click "Add Database."
2. Name the database and choose the domain it belongs to.
3. Under "Related to Website," pick the site that will use it.
4. Create a new database user with a generated password, and grant it access.
5. Note the database host, usually localhost, for your app's configuration file.

Upload, extract, and edit site files without leaving the browser.

1. Open "Files" from the domain's dashboard to browse httpdocs.
2. Click "Upload Files" and select or drag files from your computer.
3. Select an uploaded archive and choose "Extract Files" from the toolbar.
4. Use the "Permissions" button on a file or folder to adjust read/write access if a script needs it.
5. Use the built-in code editor for quick text edits instead of downloading and re-uploading a file.

Turn on HTTPS for a domain hosted in Plesk, at no cost.

1. Open your domain's "SSL/TLS Certificates" and click "Install."
2. Choose "Let's Encrypt" as the certificate provider.
3. Select which domain variants to include, such as with and without www.
4. Click "Get it free" and wait for issuance, usually under a minute.
5. Enable "Secure the domain" and "Redirect from HTTP to HTTPS" so visitors always land on the secure version.

Run a command or fetch a URL automatically on a schedule.

1. Open "Scheduled Tasks" from your domain's dashboard.
2. Click "Add Task" and choose "Run a command" or "Fetch a URL," depending on what you need.
3. Set the schedule using the preset options or a custom time.
4. Paste the command or URL to run, then click "OK."
5. Check the task's run history a day later to confirm it executed without errors.

Change the PHP version and limits for one site without affecting others.

1. Open your domain's "PHP Settings."
2. Choose the PHP version from the dropdown at the top.
3. Adjust common limits like memory_limit, upload_max_filesize, and max_execution_time as needed.
4. Click "Apply" and reload your site to confirm the change took effect.
5. Use a phpinfo() test file if you need to double-check which settings are actually active.

Give a teammate scoped access to specific sites without sharing the admin login.

1. Open "Users" and click "Create User Account."
2. Fill in the person's name, email, and a role, such as "Owner" or a custom limited role.
3. Under "Access to Subscription," choose which sites this user can manage.
4. Set their password and click "OK."
5. Send them the login URL separately from the password for basic security hygiene.

Pull a repository straight into your document root, with optional auto-deploy on push.

1. Open your domain's "Git" tool.
2. Click "Add Repository" and paste your repository's clone URL.
3. Choose a deployment mode: automatic on every push, or manual.
4. Set the deploy path to your httpdocs folder or a build subfolder.
5. Click "Deploy" once, then confirm the site reflects the latest commit.

Point one domain at another without hosting a site on it.

1. Open "Websites & Domains" and click "Add Domain."
2. Choose "Forwarding" instead of "Website hosting" as the hosting type.
3. Enter the destination URL you want visitors redirected to.
4. Choose between a standard, visible redirect or a frame-based forward.
5. Click "OK" and test the domain in a private browser window.

Create a downloadable backup of files, databases, or mail.

1. Open "Backup Manager" from your domain's dashboard.
2. Click "Back Up" and choose what to include: files, databases, mail, or all.
3. Choose a storage location - locally on the server, or a remote destination if configured.
4. Click "OK" and wait for the backup to appear in the list as "Completed."
5. Download a copy of the backup file to keep off-server.

Roll a site back to an earlier backed-up state.

1. Open "Backup Manager" and find the backup you want to restore.
2. Click the backup's date link, then choose what to restore: all, or specific components.
3. Confirm the restore, understanding it overwrites the current state of what you selected.
4. Wait for the status to change from "Restoring" to "Completed."
5. Check your site and mailboxes before removing any newer data you might have overwritten.

Install a CMS or other packaged app without manual setup.

1. Open "Applications" from your domain's dashboard.
2. Browse or search the catalog for the app you want, such as a CMS or forum package.
3. Click "Install" and choose the target domain or subfolder.
4. Fill in the initial admin account details for the app.
5. Click "Install" and wait for the confirmation with your new app's admin URL.

Track disk, bandwidth, and traffic before you hit a plan limit.

1. Open "Statistics" from the left sidebar, or a domain's dashboard for per-site numbers.
2. Check disk space and bandwidth graphs for trends over the past 30 days.
3. Switch to "Web" statistics for visitor and traffic breakdowns, if enabled.
4. Compare current usage against your subscription's limits shown at the top of the page.
5. Set up an alert, if available on your plan, before you're likely to hit a hard limit.

Find your VM management URL and log in for the first time.

1. Go to the client area URL provided in your VM's welcome email.
2. Enter the username and password from that email - different from any billing portal login.
3. From the dashboard, select your VM from the list if you have more than one.
4. Bookmark the direct VM management URL for faster access later.
5. Set a recovery email in account settings, if the option is available.

Start a stopped VM or cleanly restart a running one.

1. Open your VM's management page and check the current status shown at the top.
2. Click "Boot" if the VM is stopped, or "Reboot" to restart a running VM.
3. Confirm the action in the dialog that appears - reboots briefly interrupt any running services.
4. Watch the status change to "Booting," then "Running," usually within 30 to 60 seconds.
5. If it doesn't come back within a few minutes, check the VNC console for boot errors before opening a ticket.

Get a screen-level view of your VM, even if networking is down.

1. Open your VM's management page and click "Console," sometimes labeled "VNC."
2. Allow the pop-up window or new tab - it streams your VM's screen directly, even without network access.
3. Click inside the console window to capture your mouse and keyboard.
4. Use the on-screen key combo helper for special keys like Ctrl+Alt+Del that your browser would otherwise intercept.
5. Close the console tab when finished - it uses a small amount of your VM's resources while open.

Wipe the disk and start fresh with a new OS image.

1. Back up anything you need first - reinstalling erases the entire disk.
2. Open your VM's management page and choose "Reinstall OS," sometimes labeled "Rebuild."
3. Select the OS image and version you want from the list.
4. Set, or confirm, the new root password that will be applied after install.
5. Confirm the warning and wait for the status to return to "Running," typically a few minutes.

Reset the root login for your VM from the control panel, without SSH access.

1. Open your VM's management page and find "Change Root Password," sometimes under "Settings."
2. Enter a new strong password, or use the generator if one is offered.
3. Click "Save" - most panels apply this on the next boot, some apply it live via the console.
4. Reboot the VM if the change didn't apply immediately.
5. Log in over SSH with the new password to confirm before closing your session.

Check how much of your plan's transfer, CPU, and RAM you're actually using.

1. Open your VM's management page and find the "Usage" or "Graphs" tab.
2. Check the bandwidth graph for your current billing period's total transfer.
3. Check CPU and RAM graphs for spikes that might explain a slowdown.
4. Compare current numbers against your plan's included transfer allowance.
5. Set a calendar reminder near your billing reset date if you're close to a limit.

Request and configure a second IP for your VM.

1. Open your VM's management page and go to "Network" or "IP Addresses."
2. Click "Request Additional IP" - this may involve an added monthly cost.
3. Once assigned, note the new IP, subnet mask, and gateway shown.
4. Configure the new IP inside your VM's network settings, which varies by OS.
5. Verify connectivity with a ping test from outside the network.

Make an IP resolve back to a hostname - important for outbound mail.

1. Open "Network" on your VM's management page and find the IP you want to configure.
2. Click "Edit rDNS," sometimes labeled "PTR Record," next to that IP.
3. Enter the hostname you want the IP to resolve back to, like mail.yourdomain.com.
4. Save, then allow up to a few hours for the change to propagate.
5. Confirm with a reverse lookup tool that the PTR record matches what you set.

Move to a bigger or smaller plan without rebuilding the VM.

1. Open your VM's management page and look for "Upgrade" or "Change Plan."
2. Compare current vCPU, RAM, and storage against the plans available to move to.
3. Choose whether to schedule the resize for a maintenance window, since it usually requires a reboot.
4. Confirm the change and any prorated billing difference shown.
5. After the resize, confirm the new resources are visible from inside the VM.

Save a point-in-time copy of your VM you can roll back to quickly.

1. Open your VM's management page and find the "Snapshots" tab.
2. Click "Take Snapshot" and give it a clear, dated name.
3. Wait for the snapshot to reach "Completed" status before making risky changes to the VM.
4. To roll back, select the snapshot and click "Restore," confirming the current state will be replaced.
5. Delete old snapshots you no longer need - they count against your plan's storage in some cases.

Restrict which ports and IPs can reach your VM, without touching the OS.

1. Open your VM's management page and find "Firewall," sometimes under "Security" or "Network."
2. Click "Enable" if the panel-level firewall isn't already active.
3. Add a rule for each port you need open, like 22 for SSH and 443 for HTTPS, restricting source IPs where possible.
4. Save and confirm you can still reach the VM over SSH before closing your current session.
5. Review rules periodically and remove any tied to services you no longer run.

What each status label on your VM's dashboard actually means.

1. "Running" means the VM is powered on and should be reachable over the network.
2. "Stopped" means it's powered off - no billing pause applies unless your plan specifically supports that.
3. "Booting" or "Rebooting" are transitional states that should resolve within a minute or two.
4. "Suspended" usually indicates a billing or abuse-policy issue - check your account or support tickets.
5. "Rebuilding" appears during an OS reinstall and returns to "Running" once it completes.

Find your WebPanel URL and get past the initial setup screen.

1. Check your welcome email for the WebPanel URL, usually https://your-server-ip:2087 or a link from your host.
2. Enter the username and temporary password provided.
3. Accept the browser's certificate warning if this is the server's first boot - it starts on a self-signed certificate.
4. When prompted, set a new password and add a recovery email under account settings.
5. From the home screen, note your plan's disk, bandwidth, and account limits.

Add a domain and get its document root ready for files.

1. Open "Websites" and click "Create Website" or "Add Domain."
2. Type the domain name and confirm the document root WebPanel suggests, or set a custom one.
3. Choose whether to auto-provision a default index page.
4. Click "Create" and wait for the confirmation that the virtual host was set up.
5. Upload your site's files to the new document root.

Set up a new mailbox on a domain hosted in WebPanel.

1. Open "Email" and click "Create Email Account."
2. Choose the domain, then type the mailbox name.
3. Set a mailbox quota, or leave it unlimited if your plan allows.
4. Enter and confirm a password, then click "Create."
5. Note the IMAP/SMTP server settings shown - you'll need them to connect a phone or desktop client.

Set up a database and user for an application.

1. Open "Databases" and click "Create Database."
2. Name the database, then create a matching database user with a generated password.
3. Grant the user access to the new database, choosing full privileges for a typical application.
4. Click "Save" and record the database host, name, and username for your app's config file.
5. Open the bundled database tool (often phpMyAdmin) if you need to inspect tables directly.

Get files onto your site without needing a separate FTP client.

1. Open "Files" and navigate to your domain's document root.
2. Click "Upload" and select or drag files from your computer.
3. Select an uploaded archive and choose "Extract" to unpack it in place.
4. Use the permissions tool on a file or folder if a script needs write access.
5. Use the built-in text editor for quick edits instead of re-uploading a whole file.

Add or edit DNS records for a domain hosted in WebPanel.

1. Open "DNS" and select the domain's zone.
2. Click "Add Record" and choose a type - A, CNAME, MX, or TXT are the most common.
3. Fill in the name, value, and TTL, then save.
4. Allow up to a few hours for changes to propagate, depending on the record's TTL.
5. Confirm the change with a DNS lookup tool before relying on it.

Turn on HTTPS for a domain hosted in WebPanel, at no cost.

1. Open "SSL" for your domain and choose "Install Free Certificate."
2. Confirm the domain (and any www variant) to include on the certificate.
3. Click "Issue" and wait for validation - usually under a minute if DNS already points here.
4. Enable "Force HTTPS" so visitors are redirected automatically.
5. Certificates typically auto-renew every 90 days - check back only if you get a renewal-failure notice.

Run a script automatically on a recurring schedule.

1. Open "Cron Jobs" and click "Add Job."
2. Choose a preset schedule or set custom minute/hour/day fields.
3. Paste the full command to run, including the full path to any script.
4. Click "Save" and check your email or a log file after the first scheduled run.
5. Remove or disable jobs you no longer need instead of leaving them to fail silently.

Give a teammate scoped access without sharing the admin login.

1. Open "Users" and click "Create User."
2. Fill in the person's name, email, and an access level or role.
3. Choose which domains or features this user can manage.
4. Set their password and click "Save."
5. Send the login URL separately from the password for basic security hygiene.

Find your Webmin URL and get past the initial certificate warning.

1. Go to https://your-server-ip:10000 - Webmin's default port is 10000.
2. Accept the browser's certificate warning if this is the server's first boot - it starts on a self-signed certificate.
3. Log in with your Linux root (or sudo) username and password - Webmin uses your system accounts directly.
4. From the dashboard, review the system summary: uptime, load average, memory, and disk space.
5. Open "Webmin Users" under the Webmin category to review who else has access.

Create, edit, and remove system user accounts from a browser.

1. Open "System" › "Users and Groups."
2. Click "Create a new user," fill in the username, and choose a password option.
3. Assign the user to a primary group, and any secondary groups they need, like sudo.
4. Set their home directory and login shell, then click "Create."
5. Use "Create a new group" separately if you need a group before assigning users to it.

Attach and configure additional storage without editing fstab by hand.

1. Open "System" › "Disk and Network Filesystems."
2. Click "Add mount" and select the new disk or partition.
3. Choose the filesystem type and the mount point directory.
4. Check "Mount at boot" so it survives a reboot, then click "Create."
5. Click "Mount" to attach it immediately without rebooting.

Check for and apply system package updates from the dashboard.

1. Open "System" › "Software Package Updates."
2. Click "Check for Updates" to refresh the list of available packages.
3. Review the list - security updates are usually flagged separately.
4. Select the updates to apply, or choose "Update all," then click "Update Selected Packages."
5. Reboot if the summary indicates a kernel or core library update needs it.

Find what's consuming CPU or memory, and stop it if needed.

1. Open "System" › "Running Processes."
2. Sort by CPU or memory to find the heaviest processes.
3. Click a process to see its full command line and owner.
4. Use "Kill Process" for an unresponsive one, choosing a stronger signal only if a normal kill doesn't work.
5. Cross-check anything unfamiliar against your installed services before killing it.

Review or adjust IP addresses and routing without editing config files by hand.

1. Open "Networking" › "Network Configuration."
2. Click "Network Interfaces" to see current IP addresses and status.
3. Edit an interface to change its IP, netmask, or gateway.
4. Check "Activate at Boot" so the setting survives a reboot.
5. Apply the change, and keep your current SSH session open until you've confirmed you can reconnect.

Create virtual hosts and reload Apache from the browser.

1. Open "Servers" › "Apache Webserver."
2. Click "Create Virtual Host" and fill in the domain name and document root.
3. Set the port (usually 80, or 443 with SSL enabled) and save.
4. Use "Apply Changes" to reload Apache without dropping existing connections.
5. Check the module's log viewer if a site doesn't come up as expected.

Create databases and users through the MySQL module instead of the command line.

1. Open "Servers" › "MySQL Database Server."
2. Click "Create a new database" and give it a name.
3. Open "User Permissions" to create a new user and grant it access to the database.
4. Use the module's built-in editor to browse tables without a separate database tool.
5. Use "Execute SQL" for one-off queries, like checking a table's row count.

Control which services start automatically when the VM boots.

1. Open "System" › "Bootup and Shutdown."
2. Find the service you want to change in the list.
3. Toggle it on or off for automatic startup at boot.
4. Use "Start," "Stop," or "Restart" to change its current running state immediately.
5. Double-check dependent services - stopping something like networking can affect others.

The three commands you'll type more than any others.

Create, copy, rename, and delete files and folders from the command line.

Read and edit text files without leaving the terminal.

Control who can read, write, and execute a file.

Locate a file by name, or a line of text buried in a log.

See what's running and stop something that's misbehaving.

Find out what's actually filling up your disk.

Test connectivity and pull files from the command line.

Compress and extract folders for backups and transfers.

Create and administer Linux user accounts.

Get a terminal on your VM from your own machine.

Move files to and from your VM over SSH.

Start, stop, and inspect background services.

Find out what happened, and when, from the system's own logs.

Run a script automatically without cPanel or Plesk in the loop.

The handful of syntax patterns that cover most everyday scripts.